Jonga umfanekiso oMkhulu
Izinto ezikhutshwayo ezibalekayo ziigesi eziphilayo ezivuzayo ezivuza kwiivalvu ezicinezelekileyo.Oku kukhutshwayo kunokuthi kwenzeke ngengozi, ngenxa yokuguquka kwamanzi okanye ngenxa yeevalvu ezingalunganga.
Izinto ezikhutshwayo ezikhutshwayo azibangeli nje ingozi ebantwini nakwimekobume kuphela kodwa zikwabeka isoyikiso kwingeniso.Ngokuchanabeka ixesha elide kwiikhompawundi eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo, abantu banokuba nezigulo ezinzulu zomzimba.Oku kuquka abasebenzi kwizityalo ezithile okanye abantu abahlala kufutshane.
Eli nqaku libonelela ngolwazi malunga nendlela ukukhutshwa kwe-mbacutive eyenzeka ngayo.Oku kuya kujongana novavanyo lwe-API kunye nento ekufuneka yenziwe ukunciphisa iziphumo zeengxaki zokuvuza okunjalo.
Imithombo yoKhuselo lokuFugitive
Iivalvu zezona zinto ziPhakamisayo zokuKhutshwa kweMisi
Iivalvu zemizi-mveliso kunye namalungu ayo, rhoqo, awona nobangela uphambili wokukhutshelwa kwemizi-mveliso.Iivalvu zomgca ezifana neglowubhu kunye neevalvu zesango zezona ntlobo zevalvu zixhaphakileyo eziqhelene nemeko.
Ezi zivalo zisebenzisa isiqu esinyukayo okanye esijikelezayo ukuvala nokuvala.Ezi ndlela zivelisa ukukhuhlana okungakumbi.Ngaphaya koko, amalungu adityaniswe neegaskets kunye neenkqubo zokupakisha zizinto eziqhelekileyo apho ukukhutshwa okunjalo kwenzeka.
Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba iivalvu ezinqamlekileyo zineendleko eziphezulu, zisetyenziswa rhoqo kunezinye iintlobo zeevalvu.Oku kwenza ezi zivalo zibe yimpikiswano ngokunxulumene nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo.
IZikhondo zeValve ziFaka kwiMigxobhozo eBalekayo
Izinto ezikhutshwayo ezibalekayo eziphuma kwizikhondo zevalvu zimalunga nama-60% ezinto ezikhutshwayo zizonke ezinikezelwa ngumzi-mveliso othile.Oku kuqukwe kuphando olwenziwa yiYunivesithi yaseBritish Columbia.Itotali yenani leziqu zevalvu zivela kwipesenti enkulu ekhankanywe kuphononongo.
Ukupakishwa kweValve kunokuthi kube negalelo kwizinto ezikhutshwayo eziBalekayo
Ubunzima bokulawula izinto ezikhutshwayo ezibalekayo bukwalele ekupakisheni.Ngelixa uninzi lokupakisha lunamathela kwaye lugqithise umgangatho we-API 622 ngexesha lovavanyo, uninzi luyasilela ngexesha lemeko yangempela.Ngoba?Ukupakishwa kwenziwa ngokwahlukileyo kumzimba wevalvu.
Kusenokubakho umahluko omncinane kwimilinganiselo phakathi kokupakisha kunye nevalve.Oku kunokukhokelela ekuvuzeni.Eminye imiba ekufuneka iqwalaselwe ecaleni kwemilinganiselo ibandakanya ukufaneleka kunye nokugqiba kwevalve.
Iindlela ezizezinye kwiPetroleum nazo ziziGqeba
Ukukhutshwa kwe-Fugitive akwenzeki kuphela ngexesha lokusetyenzwa kweegesi kwindawo yoshishino.Ngapha koko, izinto ezikhutshwayo ezibalekayo zenzeka kuyo yonke imijikelo yokuveliswa kwegesi.
Ngokuka A Close Look at Fugitive Methane Emissions from Natural Gas, "ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yendalo kuninzi kwaye kwenzeka kuwo onke amanqanaba omjikelo wobomi berhasi yendalo, ukusuka ekuvelisweni kwangaphambili ngemveliso, ukusetyenzwa, ukuhanjiswa kunye nokusasazwa."
Yeyiphi iMigangatho ye-API eKhethekileyo yokuKhutshwa kweMishini yokuFuduka?
I-American Petroleum Institute (API) yenye yezigqeba ezilawulayo ezibonelela ngemigangatho yegesi yendalo kunye nemveliso yeoli.Eyenziwe kwi-1919, imigangatho ye-API yenye yezikhokelo ezikhokelayo kuyo yonke into enxulumene namashishini epetrochemical.Ngaphezulu kwemigangatho ye-700, i-API isandul 'ukubonelela ngemigangatho ethile yokukhupha i-emissions ehambelana neevalve kunye nokupakishwa kwazo.
Ngelixa kukho uvavanyo lokukhupha olukhoyo, eyona migangatho yamkelweyo yovavanyo yileyo iphantsi kwe-API.Nazi iinkcazo ezineenkcukacha ze-API 622, i-API 624 kunye ne-API 641.
API 622
Oku ngenye indlela kubizwa ngokuba yi-API 622 yoHlobo loVavanyo lweNkqubo yokuPakisha iValve yeeNdawo eziBalekayo
Lo ngumgangatho we-API wokupakishwa kwevalve kwiivalvu ezivaliweyo ezinokunyuka okanye ezijikelezayo.
Oku kugqiba ukuba ukupakishwa kunokuthintela ukukhutshwa kweegesi.Kukho iindawo ezine zovavanyo:
1. Ingakanani ireyithi yokuvuza
2. Ikwazi ukumelana nevalve ekudlekeni
3. Ziziphi izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukupakisha
4. Yintoni uvandlakanyo lwe-oxidation
Uvavanyo, kunye nopapasho lwalo lwamva nje luka-2011 kwaye lusephantsi kohlaziyo, lubandakanya imijikelo ye-1,510 yoomatshini kunye nemijikelo ye-5000F ye-ambient ye-thermal kunye ne-600 ye-psig yoxinzelelo lokusebenza.
Imijikelo yoomatshini ithetha ukuvuleka okupheleleyo ukuya ekuvaleni ngokupheleleyo kwevalve.Ngeli xesha, ukuvuza kwegesi yovavanyo kuhlolwa ngamaxesha.
Olunye uhlaziyo lwamva nje lwe-API 622 Uvavanyo ngumba we-API 602 kunye ne-603 valves.Ezi zivalo zinevalve yokupakisha emxinwa kwaye bezisoloko zisilela kwiimvavanyo ze-API 622.Ukuvuza okuvumelekileyo ngamalungu angama-500 ngesigidi sevolumu (ppmv).
API 624
Oku kukwabizwa ngokuba yi-API 624 yoHlobo loVavanyo lwe-Rising Stem Valve exhotyiswe ngeFlexible Graphite Packing for Fugitive Emissions Standard.Lo mgangatho zithini iimfuno zovavanyo lokuphuma kwembacu kuzo zombini izikhondo ezinyukayo nezijikelezayo.Ezi zivalo ze-stem kufuneka zibandakanye ukupakisha esele idlulile i-API Standard 622.
Iivalve zesikhondo ezivavanywayo kufuneka ziwe phakathi koluhlu olwamkelweyo lwe-100 ppmv.Ngokufanelekileyo, i-API 624 inemijikelo ye-310 yoomatshini kunye nemijikelo emithathu ye-5000F ejikelezayo.Qaphela, iivalve phezu kwe-NPS 24 okanye ngaphezulu kweklasi ye-1500 ayiqukwanga kwi-API 624 yokuvavanya ububanzi.
Uvavanyo aluphumelelanga ukuba ukuvuza kwesitywina sophawu kudlula i-100 ppmv.I-valve ye-stem ayivumelekanga ukulungelelanisa ukuvuza ngexesha lokuvavanya.
API 641
Oku kubizwa ngenye indlela API 624 Quarter Turn Valve FE Test.Lo ngumgangatho omtsha ophuhliswe yi-API egquma iivalvu zosapho lwekota.Enye yeenqobo ekuvunyelwene ngazo kulo mgangatho luluhlu oluphezulu lwe-100 ppmv lokuvuza okuvumelekileyo.Enye into eqhubekayo yi-API 641 yi-610 yekota yokujikeleza.
Kwikota yokujika iivalve kunye nokupakishwa kwegraphite, kufuneka kudlule uvavanyo lwe-API 622 kuqala.Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukupakishwa kubandakanyiwe kwimigangatho ye-API 622, oku kunokukhokelela kuvavanyo lwe-API 622.Umzekelo yisethi yokupakisha eyenziwe nge-PTFE.
Iivalvu zivavanywa kwipharamitha ephezulu: 600 psig.Ngenxa yomahluko kwiqondo lobushushu, kukho iiseti ezimbini zokulinganisa ezisetyenziselwa ubushushu bevalvu:
● Iivaluvu ezibekwe ngaphezulu kwe-5000F
● Iivalvu ezibekwe ngaphantsi kwe-5000F
API 622 vs API 624
Kusenokubakho ukubhideka phakathi kwe-API 622 kunye ne-API 624. Kweli candelo, qaphela umahluko phakathi kwezi zimbini.
● Inani lemijikelo yoomatshini ebandakanyekayo
● I-API 622 KUPHELA ibandakanya ukupakisha;kanti, i-API 624 ibandakanya ivalve KUBANDAKANYA nokupakisha
● Uluhlu lokuvuza okuvumelekileyo (500 ppmv ye-API 622 kunye ne-100 ppmv ye-624)
● Inani lohlengahlengiso oluvumelekileyo (enye ye-API 622 kwaye akukho nanye ye-API 624)
Indlela yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweMishini yokuBaleka
Izinto ezikhutshwayo ezibalekayo zinokuthintelwa ukuze kuncitshiswe impembelelo yokukhutshwa kweevalvu kokusingqongileyo.
#1 Guqula iiVave eziphelelwe lixesha
Iivalvu zihlala zitshintsha.Qinisekisa ukuba iivalvu zilandela imigangatho nemimiselo yamva nje.Ngokugcinwa rhoqo kunye nokuhlolwa, kulula ukuqaphela ukuba yeyiphi ekufuneka itshintshwe.
#2 Ufakelo olululo lweValve kunye nokuBeka iliso rhoqo
Ukufakwa ngokungafanelekanga kweevalvu kunokubangela ukuvuza nako.Ukuqesha amagcisa anezakhono eziphezulu ezinokufaka ngokuchanekileyo iivalvu.Ufakelo olululo lwevalvu lunakho ukubona inkqubo yokuvuza okunokwenzeka.Ngokujongwa rhoqo, iivalvu ezinokuvuza okanye ezinokuthi zivuleke ngempazamo zinokubonwa lula.
Kufuneka kubekho iimvavanyo zarhoqo zokuvuza ezilinganisa umthamo womphunga okhutshwe ziivalvu.Amashishini asebenzisa iivalvu aphuhlise uvavanyo oluphambili lokubona ukukhutshwa kwevalvu:
● Indlela yama-21
Oku kusebenzisa i-ionization detector yomlilo ukujonga ukuvuza
● Umfanekiso weGesi oLungileyo (OGI)
Oku kusebenzisa ikhamera ye-infrared ukubona iindawo ezivuzayo kwisityalo
● Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL)
Oku kunokubona izinto ezikhutshwayo ezibalekayo ukude.
#3 Iinketho zoLondolozo loThintelo
Ukubeka iliso kulondolozo lothintelo kunokuchonga imiba ngeevalvu kumanqanaba okuqala.Oku kunokunciphisa iindleko zokulungisa i-valve ephosakeleyo.
Kutheni kukho imfuneko yokuNcitshiswa kokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo?
Izinto ezikhutshwayo ezibalekayo zinegalelo elikhulu kubushushu behlabathi.Liyinyaniso elokuba, kukho intshukumo esebenzayo enethemba lokunciphisa izinto ezikhutshwayo.Kodwa emva kokuqatshelwa kwayo malunga nenkulungwane ukususela oko yaqatshelwa, amanqanaba ongcoliseko lomoya asephezulu .
Njengoko imfuno yamandla kwihlabathi liphela isanda, imfuno yokufuna ezinye izinto endaweni yamalahle kunye nefosili iye yanda.
Umthombo: https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions
Imethane kunye ne-ethane zigqame njengezona ndlela zinokusetyenziswa endaweni yamafutha efosili namalahle.Yinyaniso ukuba kukho amandla amaninzi njengemithombo yamandla kwezi zimbini.Nangona kunjalo, imethane, ngokukodwa, inamathuba angama-30 aphezulu okufudumala kune-CO2.
Lo ngunobangela we-alam kubo bobabini abagcini bendalo kunye namashishini asebenzisa lo mthombo.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthintela ukukhutshwa kwevalve kunokwenzeka ngokusetyenziswa kwemigangatho ephezulu kunye ne-API evunyiweyo yeevalvu zoshishino.
Umthombo: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/1180.pdf
Isishwankathelo
Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba iivalvu ngamacandelo abalulekileyo kulo naluphi na usetyenziso lwemizi-mveliso.Nangona kunjalo, iivalve azenziwa njengenxalenye enye eqinileyo;kunoko, yenziwe ngamacandelo.Imilinganiselo yala macandelo isenokungalingane nge-100% enye kwenye, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuvuzeni.Oku kuvuza kunokubangela ukwenzakala kokusingqongileyo.Ukuthintela ukuvuza okunjalo kuluxanduva olubalulekileyo kuye nawuphi na umsebenzisi wevalvu.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-25-2022